The Vermont Supreme Court just issued its long awaited opinion regarding public records in the 21st Century. As my 10th Grade history teacher was fond of saying, “Why do we go to the primary source? Because the primary source is primary.” (He also said “Why do we go to the map?…. The map tells us everything”). Sage advice. You can and should read the entire 20 page decision in Toensing v. The Attorney General of Vermont. The Court’s analysis was a relatively straight forward one. If a document, electronic or otherwise, was created in the course of agency business, it is a public record and subject to disclosure, regardless of where it is stored, unless a statutory exemption exists.

At the crux of Toensing was whether staff and officials from the Vermont Attorney general’s office, could be compelled to search through their personal email, for public records. The Court said that they could be. I do not know the backstory behind this lawsuit, but clearly, searching email correspondence is not a difficult task. There may be parameters and limitations based on where the content is stored and what the maintenance schedule for the email system is, as well as other technological hurdles, but my guess is that the vast majority personal email these days is web/cloud based and might actually be easier to search then work based platforms.

Coverage of the decision was of course nearly instantaneous with stories appearing rapidly in Vermont Digger, VPR (where I sometimes offer commentary)  Free Press, and Seven Days. This is not surprising considering the Vermont Journalism Trust (which essentially is Vermont Digger), Caledonian-Record Publishing Co., New England First Amendment Coalition, The Vermont Press Association, and Da Capo Publishing, Inc. (which also essentially is Seven Days). I say not surprising, because the Public Records Act (and its Federal analog the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)) is a literal treasure trove for the Fourth Estate. If they get the records they request, they have story. If they don’t get the records they request, because the request was denied in whole or in part, they have story. More on this in a subsequent post.

From an ethics in government standpoint, the position taken by the State was a perplexing one. Essentially the State argued that a requestor should start with the presumption, that public employees did not send emails from non-government accounts, and in order to be able to request such records, the requestor would first need to make a showing that an employee had used a private account to transmit or create public records. This of course ends in reasoning contrary to the intent of the Public Records Act. How could a requestor possibly know what does or does not exist? That’s the whole reason why transparency laws were created in the first place. To allow the public (and by extension the media) to determine what exactly does exist and to “publish” it if it is something deemed worthy of public interest.

Public interest is an interesting concept, the California Supreme Court in City of San Jose v. Superior Court, (cited by the Vermont Court) recently stated that “Communications that are primarily personal, containing no more than incidental mentions of agency business, generally will not constitute public records. For example, the public might be titillated to learn that not all agency workers enjoy the company of their colleagues, or hold them in high regard [emphasis mine]. However, an employee’s electronic musings about a colleague’s personal shortcomings will often fall far short of being a ‘writing containing information relating to the conduct of the public’s business.’” Whether gossip is a public record in Vermont, will have to wait until another day.

While the Vermont Supreme Court ultimately determined that in Vermont, government employees must search their private email accounts and certify that they have done the same, they declined to go as far as California and require that an affidavit be submitted as part of the search process. The VSC’s reasoning was essentially that we rely on the representations of employees in record requests all the time, why should a search of their private email be any different?

But it is different! Why? Well why was the employee sending email concerning state government business from a private account in the first instance? There is simply no conceivable reason that I can think of why this would need to occur. Happy to take comments if you can think of one. According to the Vermont Court, “state policy on internet use puts state employees on notice that employees with state email accounts must not routinely use personal email accounts to conduct state business without approval from the Secretary of Administration.” Again, why would a state employee from the governor on down, need to use a personal email address for agency business….ever?

I would suggest that if a government employee is using a private email to conduct public business, there is a reason. I won’t speculate here as to what that reason might be, but it certainly raises questions. And when questions are raised, requiring an affidavit, certainly makes the person signing an affidavit think twice as to what they are representing to the world, “under the pains and penalties of perjury.”